Communication And Internal And External Communication

Communication Audit Even though communication is a very key aspect in any organization, chances are that communication in organizations is for most employees not satisfying. According to Rodney Gray †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ less than the half of the employees are satisfied with internal communication systems. This situation calls for conducting communication auditing in order to determine the cause of communication dissatisfaction among the employees. Communication audit simply refers to the complete analysis of both the internal and external communication strengths as well as weaknesses of an organization(s). It is basically a way for a company or an organization to comprehend the communication needs, capabilities, practices and to collect vital information†¦show more content†¦In addition, they provide significant information that management can use to improve communication processes within their organizations. Moreover, communication audits follow specific ten steps which are; 1. Step one: decides on the areas that ought to be audited. It analyses both internal and external communications, thus identifying pieces to material used for promotional purposes. 2. Step two: involves choosing among a number of research methods such as one-on-one interviews, focus groups and telephone or online surveys. 3. Step three: entails gathering the information regarding the past internal and external communications and thereafter evaluating their efficiency. 4. Step four: this step looks outward and involves hiring a neutral researcher to interview customers directly, through electronic surveys, focus groups or else through telephone interviews. 5. Step five: this step lays more emphasis on the community. It involves hiring a researcher to carry out a community survey or to interview community members about the effectiveness of the organization’s communications. 6. Step six: it looks inward ad it embraces interviewing the employees and volunteers working within a given organization. It mainly helps to assess whether all communications are well understood by all the internal audiences. It also examines how the organization is presented to the public by the internal audiences. 7. Step seven: it aimsShow MoreRelatedInternal Vs. External Communication1882 Words   |  8 Pagescompany and others use both common communication methods, as well as many unique to their profession and colleagues. The purpose of this report is to examine Telephone Data Systems Inc. (TDS) and ITPM through an analysis of internal vs. external communication, in-person vs. â€Å"other† (electronic) forms of communication, and the use of official lines of communication vs. unofficial lines of communication. Internal vs. External Communication Internal communication between colleagues at TDS, which takesRead MoreInternal and External Pursuasive Communication Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Internal and External Persuasive Communication COM 537 August 19, 2013 Abstract Organizations both large and small, all share a common feature. This feature is internal and external stakeholders. An organization can have a wide variety of internal and external stakeholders. It is vital to make certain that designated managers within the organization keeps both internal and external stakeholders informed of accolades, potential problems, problems, as well as anyRead MorePresentation Of Communications With Internal And External Audiences1320 Words   |  6 Pagessame meeting in terms of communications with internal and external audiences. The summary will concentrate over when and where the meeting was held, who attended the meeting, how it went, what were the agenda items and some relevant points. 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We will also discuss how the building and district staff communicate with members of the external community who make up the majority of the districts stakeholders. Finally, based upon the authors research, they will comment upon the types of communications that they would maintain, add or delete in the process of thisRead MoreInternal and External Communication on Bp Gulf Oil Spill Essay3877 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction 2 Analysis 3 Internal communication 3 External communication 6 Conclusion 10 Recommendation 11 Internal communication 11 External communication 12 Executive Summary BP oil spill in April 2010, had incurred serious damage to both the company and publics. Though some internal and external communication strategies were carried out after the accident, more improvements should be made by BP to maintain the safety and reputation. The internal strategies used by BP,Read MoreExternal and Internal Information Sharing: Level of Communication of an Enterprise774 Words   |  3 Pageslevel of communication and collaboration both within an enterprise, and between the many members of an enterprise and external partners, stakeholders and customers requires an agile, customizable information and knowledge sharing platform. These platforms transcend the typical Information Technologies (IT) systems that are represented as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems so pervasively known today. A highly collaborative and communication-based knowledgeRead MoreComprehensive Communications Strategy Managing Towards The Intern al And External Audiences Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pageshigh and satisfactory standard and a good qualification could be a good contribution to the quality and services of care towards client. The stakeholder communicator manager will be responsible for the comprehensive communications strategy managing towards the internal and external audiences as well as developing and delivering data to the management. Aside from that other duties of a stakeholder is which lead and strategist on how to build good relationships. It is also their responsibility inRead MoreHcs Week 4 Communications Channels Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Channels Health Care Communication Strategies HCS 320 April 07, 2013 Communication Channels Communication is essential to promoting and marketing the newest addition in technology to an organization. There are many facets to the communication that needs distributing to ensure the largest audience is aware of the new, state-of-the-art MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. The internal staff needs to be educated and knowledgeable about the new equipment so they can help answer

Office Of Personnel Management ( Opm ) - 1745 Words

Background Office of Personnel Management (OPM) in June 2015 discovered two cybersecurity breach incidents that impacted information of Federal government employees and contractors. OPM discovered that the background investigation data of current, former, and future Federal employees and contractors had been stolen y hackers. OPM found that sensitive information, including the Social Security Numbers of 21 million individuals were stolen from the background investigation databases. This includes 20 million individuals that applied for a background investigation, and 2 million non-applicants, mostly spouses or co-habitants of applicants. Some records also include Reports of Investigations/Statements from interviews conducted by†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ OPM manages pension benefits for retired Federal employees and their families. They also administer health and other insurance programs for Federal employees and retirees. †¢ OPM provides training and development programs and other management tools for Federal employees and agencies. †¢ OPM takes the lead in developing, testing and implementing new government wide policies that relate to personnel issues. As a prior OPM Credentialed Background Investigator from 2006-2009, I was dumbfounded on how something in this magnitude could occur. I was responsible to conduct federal background investigations and prepare reports of investigations in compliance with all laws, and other required federal agency regulations. Work cases throughout the geographic area of responsibility and travel to various places of employment, residence and education institutions. Background investigation records do contain some information regarding mental health and financial history provided by applicants and people contacted during the background investigation, however there is no evidence that health, financial, payroll and retirement records of Federal personnel or those who have applied for a Federal job were impacted by this incident (for example, annuity rolls, retirement records, USA JOBS, Employee Express). As I mentioned above, in 2015, OPM did discover that

The Role of Money and Economic Essay Example For Students

The Role of Money and Economic Essay Power, education, wealth, poverty, and economic opportunity are all aspects, not the only aspects, which determine a societies progress and development. Throughout the duration of this class we have thoroughly examined these aspects and many more through books and movies. Books such as The Republic by Plato, An Enemy of The People by Henrik Isben, The Laughing Sutra by Mark Salzman, and Nickled and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich. We have also found these characteristics to be common in movies such as Wag the Dog, Moscow on the Hudson, and Manwate. All of these previously mentioned forms of information have included one or more of the aspects that have either help build or helped destroy the society mentioned within the particular book or movie. In the following I will be discussing these certain aspects and how they have had an affect on the outcome of these societies. Platos The Republic is a wonderful example of a society that is built or conditioned to use some of the best aspects to help form a perfect society. Even though Plato made it a point to not have classes amongst the people determined by how much money they made he still had groups of people that where better then others. Wealth wasnt as big an issue to Plato as skills or education was. He believed wealth was destructive. A person who has wealth will be overcome by greed and not want to work and work was what his society was based on. Plato didnt use poverty to keep people powerless since in his society money wasnt a very important aspect of success. Keeping people more or less powerful was determined by what class of citizen they were. Classes shaped Platos perfect society. Some were born to be leaders, others were born to be guardians, and others workers. Opportunity for the economy to progress was Platos whole plan. In other words, Plato molded his society in a way that they would h ave and be the best of the best, so economic opportunity was very important and available. Plato believed that a perfect society can be based on equality but he also believed that there should still be classes of leaders, guardians, and workers. In contrast to The Republic, wealth was so much more important to the society in Enemy of The State. Even though it was said to have equality amongst the people, wealthy people were the main ones who were heard and allowed to speak out. Threats of poverty were used to keep people quiet and powerless. No one wanted to listen to Dr. Stockmans advice because the society was very much controlled by greed. The town didnt want to do anything that would affect the amount of tourist money coming in. The author makes the fact that there isnt much economic opportunity available very obvious by pointing out how ignorant the society was. The author does show signs of hope for a better economy because even after the whole town is against him Dr. Stockman doesnt give up. In this book wealth is also expressed as being a corrupting influence on the success of the society. The wealthy people are the culprits of keeping the towns people ignorant. The Laughing Sutra was mainly a book about enlightenment and one mans fight for it. The possession of wealth wasnt as important in this book in comparison to the previously mentioned books. The characters in this book didnt need wealth to keep them happy. The country and certain criminal groups that are mentioned in this story, such as the red guards, were very much more concerned with wealth and respect for their beliefs. These groups also used poverty against some citizens such as the monks to keep them powerless. Economic opportunity wasnt available for this country to move up the scale in some way. The societies leaders were more concerned with destroying all beliefs that didnt agree with their own. Mark Salzman, the author of this book, does belief that things wouldve been much better economically wise if there was more opportunity and equality. He makes this evident by describing how marvelous the United States was to Hsun-ching when he took the trip. The author described all t he things that Hsun-ching did and all the things he was capable of while in the U.S. It really wasnt clear how the author felt about wealth and how it was or wasnt a corrupting influence. Wealth to the author was important if it was pursued for the spirit and not for materialistic purposes. .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 , .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .postImageUrl , .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 , .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:hover , .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:visited , .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:active { border:0!important; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:active , .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97 .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ddd1dd73042c0131a2287bf21ce5d97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Prevalent Issues of Surrogate Parenting EssayNickled and Dimed is a perfect example of how certain aspects of a society can determine economic or personal success. This story was mainly an explanation of how some of us struggle from a day-to-day basis with daily expenses. Wealth is very important in our society today not mainly for happiness but for comfort and peace of mind. Poverty is a big factor of keeping people powerless. Money and wealth are needed to accomplish many things that make a person powerful. Education is one factor of power where money is needed to accomplish. As much as authorities try to hide it, greed does shape how societies are formed and how soc ieties are run. Economic opportunity is available in most situations but poverty is a big downside to the opportunities that are provided. There arent as much opportunities for a person making minimum wage then there is for a person who makes as much as sixty thousand dollars a year. Many people including the author of Nickled and Dimed do believe that more economic opportunity for the citizens who arent as wealthy as others would do a world of difference for the economy as a whole. Barbara Ehrenreich, the author, makes it evident that wealth can be corrupting but might not be so in every case. She explains how the employees who make more money seem unhappier then those who dont make as much giving proof to the statement that wealth causes corruption. In conclusion, economies and the factors that make them successful vary from place to place and from situation to situation. In all, wealth, poverty, education and economic opportunity are more important now then ever before. This can be found to be true by looking at the older books we have read in comparison to the more recent ones. As time passes the gap between the rich and the poor is getting wider and if the reason for this are the factors that I have mentioned then we need to take immediate steps to lessen the gap. The opportunities for the less fortunate need to become more apparent so that the less fortunate can move up and the wealthier can learn how to share.

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Essay Example

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Essay Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is a photographic essay of life in the poor rural South during the Great Depression.In it, master photographer Walker Evans and writer James Agee form a partnership to chronicle the lives of three families, the Gudgers, the Woods, and the Ricketts. However, the story is much more than simply the diary of peoples daily lives.Agee writes, I believe that every human being is potentially capable within his limits of fully realizing his potentialities; that this, his being cheated and choked of it, is infinitely the ghastliest, commonest, and most inclusive of all the crimes of which the human world can assure itself (Agee and Evans 307).Therefore, this moving book is part chronicle, part social conscious, and part early reality television, combined to create a book that changed the way many looked at the poor and the hungry during the Depression.Eventually, President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the miscarriages between the poor and the still wealthy in the coun try, and increase the tax burden on the wealthy to help equal out While Agee creates a moving essay on the dignity and promise of Americas poor, the real meat of the book lies in Evans outstanding and moving photography.The photos themselves, 50 of them, use no captions or descriptions to tell the viewer what to look for.They simply present the families as they are, allowing the viewer to make up their own mind about what they are seeing with no explanation.The photos themselves are stark black and white, immediately showing the utter poverty these people survived in, but also illustrating their strength, their dignity, and their Evans uses different camera techniques quite effectively throughout the book.Some shots are close-up, showing the weathered lines on faces, the sheer exhaustion of the heavy work, and the frank understanding o

Business Plan Essay Writing Guidelines Essays

Business Plan Essay Writing Guidelines Essays Business Plan Essay Writing Guidelines Paper Business Plan Essay Writing Guidelines Paper A business financial plan is a special assignment, which comprises a description of a specific business idea, startup or project. It is a necessary document encompassing significant volumes of info describing various aspects of entrepreneurs activity. What is more, a business plan comprises an analysis of the market niche, potential counterparts, and counting of the spendings and profits. This document serves as a list of guidelines for a young entrepreneur. It also allows elaborating effective strategies for prosperous development of the business. Business plan essay is a type of paper, in which the student has to reflect on a topic based on a business marketing plan. The task of a writer is to compile and extensive writing, comprising the discussion of a specific issue. Exists many topics, which can serve as a basis for this writing. For example, a scholarly supervisor can demand to write an essay analyzing the specific chapter of a business plan or estimate the documents in general. One can also receive a task requiring to reflect on the strategies helping to create a business plan etc. No matter what topic the essay will have, a writer should approach the preparation process seriously. One has to gather all the necessary materials, examine statistical data, include examples and relevant references. One has to create an extensive paper presenting a proper discussion of a given topic. To prepare this task, a student should be experienced in writing and have well-trained critical thinking skills. What is more, a writer should be able to works with various sources of information to be able to gather all the necessary data. This task requires a writer serious and responsible attitude as well as a creative approach. How to write a business plan essay? Writing of a business plan essay requires from a student the performing of several practical steps that will lead him to the creation of proper paper. Primarily, one has to focus on the choice of a topic. It is an essential step, as it defines the level of complicatedness of the whole writing process. There are cases when scholarly supervisors offer the standard topic. In that case, the task is more manageable. However, in most of the cases, students have to decide on topics on themselves. The prolific strategy will be to pick the theme that is the most familiar to the writer. It will be easier for him to choose the relevant info, provide excellent examples and grab the attention of a target reader. It is necessary to create a catchy topic to make the reader interested and involve him in the reading process. After that, a writer should conduct small research to gather all the necessary data. One can consult various sources and gather the statistical data to be able to collect all the material. It will help to create an informative and extensive business plan essay. The next important step presupposes the compilation of the outline. It serves as a business plan development for your future writing. In this plan, one has to write a short version of a future writing. It should be like a scheme. While writing, the author will be able to consult an outline to create a logical, coherent and cohesive paper. Then follows the very writing stage. However, it is not so difficult if a writer prepared an outline and gathered all the info in advance. The last step is polishing the paper. The writer should examine it on the availability of errors and eliminate them. How to structure a business plan essay? Exist many characteristics of written assignments that influence the overall quality of the paper. To the list of the most important criteria, it is possible to include the relevance of the content, the cohesion and cohesiveness, logical order, grammatical correctness and since loading. Proper structuring helps to achieve the perfection in the compilation of the paper. Business plan essay structure comprises the introductory part, the main body, and the concluding part. Each of these sense blocks has its peculiarities and writer should strictly stick to them. The introduction is the opening part of the essay. The first sentence of the intro is called a hook sentence. It should be logical and attention-grabbing. One can use a famous quotation or an interesting fact to attract the attention of a target reader. The next statement should create a background and prepare the reader for the perception of a thesis sentence. A thesis sentence in the last element of the intro. It is a basis for the whole writing. Try to make it thought-provoking. The central body part has to comprise 2-3 paragraphs. In this section, the task of a writer is to provide persuasive arguments supporting the thesis sentence. What is more, an author has to enhance each argument with a relevant example illustrating or clarifying the argument. The closing part is a conclusion. In this section, the author has to sum up all the info discussed in the essay. One has to emphasize the thesis once more and clarify one’s position concerning the central topic. The last sentence of a final paragraph should be inspiring. It should create a positive feeling in the mind of the target audience. It is essential to create a sentence that will allow the reader to understand the essay was informative and useful. Order business plan essay on paperap.com The preparation of a business plan essay is a serious and complicated task. To create a proper paper author has to be advanced in writing, think critically and apply creative thinking skills. What is more, the compilation of this task demands full dedication and spending much time. That is why, students, who are overloaded with their tasks find this task difficult and challenging. paperap.com is a modern and well-developed business essay writing platform offering help with the creation of different types of papers. We can help every customer applying for assistance! Within the shortest terms, after a client makes an order, we can create an informative business plan essay that will suit the requirements of the most demanding scholarly supervisor! We offer many advantages to making the service worth choosing! The best reputation, reasonable prices and the papers of the highest quality here! Our service created the best conditions for its clients. We value our users and try to do our best to satisfy their needs. You can ask questions and receive consultations in our customer support center in a live chat regime. A client can apply for the unlimited number of revisions and count of a refund if the quality of the essay does not satisfy him. paperap.com service works 24/7! You can make an order at any time of day or night even if there are a few hours till the deadline. As soon as you formulate the order form and perform the payment, our experts launch the preparation process. Thanks to the high professionalism of our specialists you will receive your business plan essay within the stated deadline!

Typhoid Mary, Who Spread Typhoid in Early 1900s

Typhoid Mary, Who Spread Typhoid in Early 1900s Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869–November 11, 1938), known as Typhoid Mary, was the cause of several typhoid outbreaks. Since Mary was the first healthy carrier of typhoid fever recognized in the United States, she did not understand how someone not sick could spread disease- so she tried to fight back. Fast Facts: Mary Mallon ('Typhoid Mary') Known For: Unknowing (and knowing) carrier of typhoid feverBorn: September 23, 1869 in Cookstown, IrelandParents: John and Catherine Igo MallonDied: November 11, 1938 in the Riverside Hospital, North Brother Island, BronxEducation: UnknownSpouse: NoneChildren: None Early Life Mary Mallon was born on September 23, 1869, in Cookstown, Ireland; her parents were John and Catherine Igo Mallon, but other than that, little is known of her life. According to what she told friends, Mallon emigrated to America in 1883, around the age of 15, living with an aunt and uncle. Like most Irish immigrant women, Mallon found a job as a domestic servant. Finding she had a talent for cooking, Mallon became a cook, which paid better wages than many other domestic service positions. Cook for the Summer Vacation For the summer of 1906, New York banker Charles Henry Warren wanted to take his family on vacation. They rented a summer home from George Thompson and his wife in Oyster Bay, Long Island. The Warrens hired Mary Mallon to be their cook for the summer. On August 27, one of the Warrens daughters became ill with typhoid fever. Soon, Mrs. Warren and two maids became ill as well, followed by the gardener and another Warren daughter. In total, six of the 11 people in the house came down with typhoid. Since the common way typhoid spread was through water or food sources, the owners of the home feared they would not be able to rent the property again without first discovering the source of the outbreak. The Thompsons first hired investigators to find the cause, but they were unsuccessful. George Soper, Investigator The Thompsons then hired George Soper, a civil engineer with experience in typhoid fever outbreaks. It was Soper who believed the recently hired cook, Mary Mallon, was the cause. Mallon had left the Warren house approximately three weeks after the outbreak. Soper began to research her employment history for more clues. Soper was able to trace Mallons employment history back to 1900. He found that typhoid outbreaks had followed Mallon from job to job. From 1900 to 1907, Soper found that Mallon had worked at seven jobs in which 22 people had become ill, including one young girl who died with typhoid fever shortly after Mallon had come to work for them. Soper was satisfied that this was much more than a coincidence; yet, he needed stool and blood samples from Mallon to scientifically prove she was the carrier. Capture  of Typhoid Mary In March 1907, Soper found Mallon working as a cook in the home of Walter Bowen and his family. To get samples from Mallon, he approached her at her place of work.   I had my first talk with Mary in the kitchen of this house. ... I was as diplomatic as possible, but I had to say I suspected her of making people sick and that I wanted specimens of her urine, feces and blood. It did not take Mary long to react to this suggestion. She seized a carving fork and advanced in my direction. I passed rapidly down the long narrow hall, through the tall iron gate, ... and so to the sidewalk. I felt rather lucky to escape. This violent reaction from Mallon did not stop Soper; he proceeded to track  Mallon to her home. This time, he brought an assistant (Dr. Bert Raymond Hoobler) for support. Again, Mallon became enraged, made clear they were unwelcome and shouted expletives at them as they made a hurried departure. Realizing it was going to take more persuasiveness than he was able to offer, Soper handed his research and hypothesis over to Hermann Biggs at the New York City Health Department. Biggs agreed with Sopers hypothesis. Biggs sent Dr. S. Josephine Baker to talk to Mallon. Mallon, now extremely suspicious of these health officials, refused to listen to Baker, who then returned with the aid of five police officers and an ambulance. Mallon was prepared this time. Baker describes the scene: Mary was on the lookout and peered out, a long kitchen fork in her hand like a rapier. As she lunged at me with the fork, I stepped back, recoiled on the policeman and so confused matters that, by the time we got through the door, Mary had disappeared. Disappear is too matter-of-fact a word; she had completely vanished. Baker and the police searched the house. Eventually, footprints were spotted leading from the house to a chair placed next to a fence. Over the fence was a neighbors property. They spent five hours searching both properties, until, finally, they found a tiny scrap of blue calico caught in the door of the area way closet under the high outside stairway leading to the front door. Baker describes the emergence of Mallon from the closet: She came out fighting and swearing, both of which she could do with appalling efficiency and vigor. I made another effort to talk to her sensibly and asked her again to let me have the specimens, but it was of no use. By that time she was convinced that the law was wantonly persecuting her, when she had done nothing wrong. She knew she had never had typhoid fever; she was maniacal in her integrity. There was nothing I could do but take her with us. The policemen lifted her into the ambulance and I literally sat on her all the way to the hospital; it was like being in a cage with an angry lion. Mallon was taken to the Willard Parker Hospital in New York. There, samples were taken and examined; typhoid bacilli was found in her stool. The health department then transferred Mallon to an isolated cottage (part of the Riverside Hospital) on North Brother Island (in the East River near the Bronx). Can the Government Do This? Mary Mallon was taken by force and against her will and was held without a trial. She had not broken any laws. So how could the government lock her up in isolation indefinitely? Thats not easy to answer. The health officials were basing their power on sections 1169 and 1170 of the Greater New York Charter: The board of health shall use all reasonable means for ascertaining the existence and cause of disease or peril to life or health, and for averting the same, throughout the city. [Section 1169] Said board may remove or cause to be removed to [a] proper place to be by it designated, any person sick with any contagious, pestilential or infectious disease; shall have exclusive charge and control of the hospitals for the treatment of such cases. [Section 1170] This charter was written before anyone knew of healthy carriers- people who seemed healthy but carried a contagious form of a disease that could infect others. Health officials believed healthy carriers to be more dangerous than those sick with the disease because there is no way to visually identify a healthy carrier in order to avoid them. But to many, locking up a healthy person seemed wrong. Isolated on North Brother Island Mary Mallon herself believed she was being unfairly persecuted. She could not understand how she could have spread disease and caused a death when she, herself, seemed healthy. I never had typhoid in my life, and have always been healthy. Why should I be banished like a leper and compelled to live in solitary confinement with only a dog for a companion? In 1909, after having been isolated for two years on North Brother Island, Mallon sued the health department. During Mallons confinement, health officials had taken and analyzed stool samples from Mallon approximately once a week. The samples came back intermittently positive for typhoid, but mostly positive (120 of 163 samples tested positive).   For nearly a year preceding the trial, Mallon also sent samples of her stool to a private lab where all her samples tested negative for typhoid. Feeling healthy and with her own lab results, Mallon believed she was being held unfairly.   This contention that I am a perpetual menace in the spread of typhoid germs is not true. My own doctors say I have no typhoid germs. I am an innocent human being. I have committed no crime and I am treated like an outcast- a criminal. It is unjust, outrageous, uncivilized. It seems incredible that in a Christian community a defenseless woman can be treated in this manner. Mallon did not understand a lot about typhoid fever and, unfortunately, no one tried to explain it to her. Not all people have a strong bout of typhoid fever; some people can have such a weak case that they only experience flu-like symptoms. Thus, Mallon could have had typhoid fever but never known it. Though commonly known at the time that typhoid could be spread by water or food products, people who are infected by the typhoid bacillus could also pass the disease from their infected stool onto food via unwashed hands. For this reason, infected persons who were cooks (like Mallon) or food handlers had the most likelihood of spreading the disease. The Verdict   The judge ruled in favor of the health officials and Mallon, now popularly known as Typhoid Mary, was remanded to the custody of the Board of Health of the City of New York.  Mallon went back to the isolated cottage on North Brother Island with little hope of being released. In February of 1910, a new health commissioner decided that Mallon could go free as long as she agreed never to work as a cook again. Anxious to regain her freedom, Mallon accepted the conditions. On February 19, 1910, Mary Mallon agreed that she was ...prepared to change her occupation (that of the cook), and will give assurance by affidavit that she will upon her release take such hygienic precautions as will protect those with whom she comes in contact, from infection.  She was then released.   Recapture of Typhoid Mary Some people believe that Mallon never had any intention of following the health officials rules; thus they believe Mallon had malicious intent with her cooking. But not working as a cook pushed Mallon into service in other domestic positions which did not pay as well. Feeling healthy, Mallon still did not really believe that she could spread typhoid. Though in the beginning, Mallon tried to be a laundress as well as worked at other jobs, for a reason that has not been left in any documents, Mallon eventually went back to working as a cook. In January of 1915 (nearly five years after Mallons release), the Sloane Maternity Hospital in Manhattan suffered a typhoid fever outbreak. Twenty-five people became ill and two of them died. Soon, evidence pointed to a recently-hired cook, Mrs. Brown- and Mrs. Brown was really Mary Mallon, using a pseudonym. If the public had shown Mary Mallon some  sympathy during her first period of confinement because she was an unwitting typhoid carrier, all of the sympathies disappeared after her recapture. This time, Typhoid Mary knew of her healthy carrier status, even if she didnt believe it; thus she willingly and knowingly caused pain and death to her victims. Using a pseudonym made even more people feel that Mallon knew she was guilty. Isolation and Death Mallon was again sent to North Brother Island to live in the same isolated cottage that she had inhabited during her last confinement. For 23 more years, Mary Mallon remained imprisoned on the island. The exact life she led on the island is unclear, but it is known that she helped around the tuberculosis  hospital, gaining the title nurse in 1922 and then hospital helper sometime later. In 1925, Mallon began to help in the hospitals lab. In December 1932, Mary Mallon suffered a large stroke that left her paralyzed. She was then transferred from her cottage to a bed in the childrens ward of the hospital on the island, where she stayed until her death six years later, on November 11, 1938. Other Healthy Carriers Though Mallon was the first carrier found, she was not the only healthy carrier of typhoid during that time. An estimated 3,000 to 4,500 new cases of typhoid fever were reported in New York City alone and it was estimated that about three percent of those who had typhoid fever become carriers, creating 90–135 new carriers a year. By the time Mallon died over 400 other healthy carriers had been identified in New York. Mallon was also not the most deadly. Forty-seven illnesses and three deaths were attributed to Mallon while Tony Labella (another healthy carrier) caused 122 people to become ill and five deaths. Labella was isolated for two weeks and then released. Mallon was not the only healthy carrier who broke the health officials rules after being told of their contagious status. Alphonse Cotils, a restaurant and bakery owner, was told not to prepare food for other people. When health officials found him back at work, they agreed to let him go free when he promised to conduct his business over the phone. Legacy So why is Mary Mallon so infamously remembered as Typhoid Mary? Why was she the only healthy carrier isolated for life? These questions are hard to answer. Judith Leavitt, the author of  Typhoid Mary, believes that her personal identity contributed to the extreme treatment she received from health officials. Leavitt claims that there was prejudice against Mallon not only for being Irish and a woman, but also for being a domestic servant, not having a family, not being considered a bread earner, having a temper, and not believing in her carrier status. During her life, Mary Mallon experienced extreme punishment for something in which she had no control and, for whatever reason, has gone down in history as the evasive and malicious Typhoid Mary. Sources Brooks, J. The Sad and Tragic Life of Typhoid Mary. CMAJ :154.6 (1996): 915–16. Print. Canadian Medical Association Journal (Journal de lAssociation medicale canadienne) Leavitt, Judith Walzer. Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Publics Health. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.Marineli, Filio, et al. Mary Mallon (1869–1938) and the History of Typhoid Fever. Annals of Gastroenterology 26.2 (2013): 132–34. Print.Moorhead, Robert. William Budd and Typhoid Fever. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95.11 (2002): 561–64. Print.Soper, G. A. The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 15.10 (1939): 698–712. Print.

Reading Response Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Response Review - Essay Example It implies that, the society has been bred on a certain notion that has placed the woman in a precarious situation over time, generation after generation in the course of the existence of various societies. As a societal issue, it means that it is not an issue that just sprang up yesterday, it has had to be incorporated into the culture of every society that has been looked at by the authors. It is worthwhile to note that these authors have looked at the themes of the woman, not from one place, but from different places in the world. An indication that the issue at hand is not a local but a global issue. Their representation of the issues that they have examined is unique for each one of them. Hence, they have brought about varying dimensions from which the issues can be looked at. Meaning that, if the issues are a problem that plagues society, then their solutions are diverse and far reaching. They can be solved from varying starting points and lead to one result, the liberation of the woman and an attainment of equality for the girl child. In the first reading, the woman is presented in a traditional aspect where she was viewed as an object of wealth. The reason behind men acquiring more than one wife. The view that the woman is seen as an object is well illustrated by Shinde (1994) when he relates the number of women driven out of their homes to that of men. What he tries to illustrate is that the woman is treated as the weaker species, and objectified as something that can be picked up and thrown away at any time. In addition, in reading two, the theme is still on the woman but a different perspective. That on the exploitation of women. Due to the prevailing economic conditions, the woman is the major bearer of this burden. The bearer in that she is again objectified as being an object whose role is to use her body in prostitution in order to overcome these harsh economic conditions. In reading three, the author adds on the theme of women being

John D. Ashcroft, Petitioner, V. Abdullah Al-Kidd Case Study

John D. Ashcroft, Petitioner, V. Abdullah Al-Kidd - Case Study Example Al-Kidd further alleges that during the trial of Al-Hussayen, he has never been called as a witness and also that the authorities have â€Å"never meant to do so† (p.1). Therefore, the petitioner challenges the constitutional validity of Attorney General’s â€Å"alleged policy† in authorizing his detention on the pretext that he is a material witness in the trial against Sami Omar (p.1). Initially, the case has been heard by the Ninth Circuit Court, which held that the action of the Attorney General has violated the individual’s rights under the Fourth Amendment which disallows â€Å"pretextual arrests† in the absence of a possible cause of a criminal activity (p.1). John Ashcroft, the Attorney General, challenging the decision of Ninth Circuit Court, has filed the suit to Supreme Court appealing for a review. On a petition by Al-Kidd, the Ninth Circuit Court has heard the case and ordered that the Attorney General’s action of securing a warrant under the pretext that the petitioner is a material witness in another case and hence he cannot leave the country, and his detention for this reason, is a violation of his constitutional rights. Therefore, the court has denied Ashcroft’s motion to dismiss the petition on â€Å"qualified immunity grounds† (p.1). The main issue present in the case is the question of the validity of the detention of Al-Kidd from a legal perspective, under the prevailing threat to national security of the US. The Attorney General has allegedly secured a warrant under the federal statutes relating to â€Å"material witness† for the detention of the former (Abrams, 2011, p.1). It becomes relevant here that the action of the Attorney General in securing the warrant for the detention of the petitioner is well within the relevant laws and thus it is purely legal. Under the prevailing circumstances in the country, when terrorist activities have been rampant in the nation, the petitioner has been detained because of his relevance

Data observation Essay Example for Free

Data observation Essay Complete a data table that includes a prediction of reaction type (single replacement, double replacement, synthesis, decomposition, or combustion), observations, and identification of reaction type for each reaction in the lab. (10 points) Reactants Prediction of Reaction Type Observations Reaction Type Iron (III) and copper (II) sulfate solution single replacement Solids stay concentrated at the bottom Single replacement Lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide solutions Double replacement Yellow colored powder collected at the bottom Double replacement Magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid solution Single replacement The solution began to fizz. Proves to be flammable. single replacement Electrolysis of water decomposition The water bubbles In the tubes filled with H2 and O2 decomposition Burning magnesium combustion As the magnesium comes in contact with the CO2 it creates a bright burning light synthesis Conclusion: Write a balanced equation for each reaction observed in this lab. (10 points) 2Fe + 3CuSO4 = 3Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI = PbI2 + 2K(NO3) Mg + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2 2H2O = 2H2 + O2 2Mg + O2 = 2MgO If you were to measure the mass of magnesium and hydrochloric acid before combining them in the test tube, how would that mass compare to the mass of reactants left in the test tube after the reaction? Explain your answer and how it corresponds to the law of conservation of mass. (5 points) -The mass would be the same as it started. This is because the law of conservation of mass states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed only changed. One of the reactions you conducted can actually be categorized as TWO different types of reactions. Which reaction is this, and what are the two types of reactions? (5 points) It would be the Magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid solution because it bubbled but it still stayed in its form and didn’t change. It is single replacement or combustion.

The Lives of Dickens Characters :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Lives of Dickens' Characters Charles Dickens' literary works are comparable to one another in many ways; plot, setting, and even experiences. His novels remain captivating to his audiences and he draws them in to teach the readers lessons of life. Although each work exists separate from all of the rest, many similarities remain. Throughout the novels, Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, the process of growing up, described by the author, includes the themes of the character's ability to alienate themselves, charity given to the characters and what the money does to their lives, and the differences of good and evil individuals and the effects of their influences. Collectively, these major novels overflow with orphans, adoptive parents, guardians, and failed parent-child relationships. Oliver, the main character in Oliver Twist, must forget about his "infantile past" (Marcus 182) in order to seek "the idyllic future" (Marcus 182). He gets hurled from orphanages to foster parents and so on until he finds himself a portion of the "wrong crowd." The pickpockets take him under their authority and attempt to show him the ropes of the embezzling operation. The orphan adapts well to the swindling lifestyle of Fagin and the boys, and through a series of mischievous choices, authorities apprehend him for stealing (although Dodger was the true felon), and Oliver must live with the consequences. Great Expectations also emphasizes the process of growing up through Pip, the main character. Pip's mother and father passed away while he was young, and he was forced to reside in the house of his older sister and her husband. The boy obtains many idealistic fat hers, including Joe, Magwitch, Jaggers and Pumblechook, but none of these men can give him what he needs from a predecessor. Dickens demonstrates to the reader the consequences that bad parenting has on children. Some children are warped by the "knottiest roots" (Lucas 141). Pip, Estella, and Magwitch are all examples of hurt children. The bitter children dwell on their past, or "what has been forgotten" (Marcus 182), and blame the parents for their sufferings. Other children such as Joe and Herbert survive bad parents and go on with their lives, not letting the history affect the outlook. Personalities in the novels became cut off physically or spiritually from human companionship. Oliver suffers from a sense of estrangement. He fears being abandoned by foster parents and friends, even though the relationships are not healthy for him.

First Ice Story

â€Å"Ok I'll pick you up at nine† â€Å"Thanks see ya later† As she hangs up the phone her mother lightly taps on the door to her room. She strolls in with a mixed look of worry and annoyance on her face. She takes an almighty breath waiting for the inevitable argument she is about to have with her mother. â€Å"Ok I'll pick you up at nine† â€Å"Thanks see ya later† As David puts the phone down he feels a small drop of sweat trickle down the side of his face. He decides to open the window and as he does so a numbing blast of freezing winter air thrusts through the open window. Whilst David is checking the local cinema listings for a film that he and Louise can watch, the first snow flake of winter falls to the ground outside the house nestling on a fallen leaf instantly melting and running onto a small spider that is hiding from the cold trying to keep warm. The room lights up suddenly from the TV set, the curtains drawn, and the cat fed and watered, Louise locks the door and continues down her garden path. Suddenly Louise slips on an unforeseen ice patch, snapping on of the heels of her shoe, she knew wearing high heels was going to be a bad choice! David climbed into his car and turned the heaters on so that when Louise got in it would be nice and warm. This was David's first car, a Ford Escort and it was his pride and joy, his baby that he looked after and cared for as if it had it owns life. Louise walks down the slippery side path and ahead of her she notices a small group of boys, no older than 14 or 15, she thinks shall I go another way? But decides she will be fine. As she approaches them one boy notices her walking their way and alerts his mates to her presence. As she gets closer she realises they were much older than she first thought. At about 6ft tall a piece the boys began to spread out as she got closer. Being polite Louise says thank you ands walks by but she feels a sudden grab of her arm and a freezing shock shoots all over her body. David tears down the country lanes heading for Louise, although he doesn't know what was happening to her, he can almost feel that all is not right. Not far now until he is with Louise, the speedometer increasing rapidly. What he doesn't notice is the police car slowly catching up with him, sirens blaring until David quickly checks his mirrors and notices the blue flashing light. Two things go through his mind, â€Å"Do I stop?† Or â€Å"Do I get to Louise and face the consequences later?† Unfortunately he chooses to wrong thought as he sped up to 75mph in a 30 mph zone. The inevitable happens. David collides with a parked car as he flies round a blind corner, he dies on impact. Louise struggles away from the group of boys and runs as fast as she can, aware of an ambulance screeching past her. Louise could hear the muffled sound of the ambulance radio and hears the words David and Ford Escort. She panics and gets her mobile out to call him, but her phone is dead. Heart racing she runs down the street to the nearest phone box puts the money in, dials the number only to have a man answer the phone. The man explains he is a police officer and David was involved in a fatal car accident. Her face turns as pale as a ghost, her hands a cold as ice and her legs turn to jelly as she replaces the receiver. She falls to floor huddles up in the corner of the phone booth sobbing and wondering what she has done to deserve this pain she was now suffering.

Britain & Euro reivised

This paper looks at the definition euro, its origin, implications and reasons why it Britain should join it or not. There are benefits of Britain will gain by joining the euro rather greater than staying away. These include improved living standards, access to larger market, stabilization of prices, minimization of exchange risks and business risks, reduction of effect of investment loss and influence in the European Union. On the hand joining the euro may bring about difficulty in integrating to single currency, low flexibility in labor and migration movement as well as financial burden to be incurred when joining the euro.Thus it is better to join than to avoid. THE EURO AND BRITAIN The euro is the official name of the single currency which became operational from January 1, 1999. Then it became the official currency for thirteen countries in Europe referred as Euro zone or Euro Area. The name â€Å"euro† was adopted in December 1995 at the European Union Council of Minister s meeting in Madrid. The symbol for the euro was derived from the Greek letter epsilon. First letter E refers to Europe while Greece represents the origin of European civilization. The horizontal parallel lines in the euro symbol stands for stability.Banks started depositing cash in Euro currencies that is the euro time deposits of cash held outside the country of its origin in a banking system (Banking glossary 2006; European economic & monetary union, 2008 The introduction of the euro is of great significance to Europe because since the collapse of the Roman Empire there has been no common currency in Europe, trade with different currencies was difficult and travelers had additional fees when exchanging the currencies. There was a risk to the investors because there was unexpected profit that can turn into loss if the exchange rate fluctuated.Hence, the need for a common currency which will facilitate trade in Europe (Mitropolitski, 2003) Common currency makes EU foreign investors reduce risks for their investments. The market enlarges and the regional price imbalances are rectified. Consumers will have common currency to measure the different goods and services and the people from the Euro area feel closer and build a common identity. They have demonstrated that people can come together without foreign influence. The Euro is then counterweight to the US dollar in foreign exchange (Mitropolitski, 2003)The history of producing European currency as a financial pillar of EU is quite recent. In the Treaty of Rome (1957) that was the foundation of EU did not mention common currency. But subsequent Acts of 1986 and 1992 became the foundation of a single currency. From January 1, 1999 the Euro was introduced (Mitropolitski, 2003) The implication of changing to Euro is diverse as the benefits of joining it. By having a single currency, the European Economic Monetary Union (EMU) members aim at promoting a single European market, similar in the size to that of US mark et.By combing these countries like Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain under one European market the economy is capable of growing at a faster rate. This means increased job opportunities and a higher standard of living. Bowman 1999 The nationals in the countries had to shift their loyalties to the euro. Since people are usually emotionally attached to their money and feelings of nationalism being involved this would differ from country to country in varying degrees (Bowman, 1999)The businesses will have noticeable changes to the way they will conduct their business such that there should be transparent prices. Consumers will have easy choice to compare prices in different countries and businesses which used to exploit the difference in currency values through price discrimination will have to contend pricing in euros. Businesses will have to restructure their pricing policies for a much wider markets (Bowman 1 999). The euro will accelerate business efficiency; company costs will be reduced, consumers will enjoy low and stable price. Individual countries made specific adjustment in order to benefit e. g.adjusting their expenditure and taxes. Germany had to take economic measures by limiting their fiscal stimulatory policy when economic growth was slow while unemployment rate increased. These measures were taken in order to harmonize their economies and make it less risky to function under one currency (Bowman 1999). There were complex logistical problems which Europeans had to overcome in adjusting to the euro such as the financial institutions had to change their systems and train staff. Prices had to be adjusted in euros when national currencies were still circulating for three more years after introduction of virtual currencies.Parking meters, vending and cash machines had to be converted for the introduction of euro notes and coins (Bowman 1999). Other service sectors had changed thei r system operations e. g. Mail services printed new stamps and revenue collection and payment done new tax forms as well as in advertisement campaigns. However, it took more time before consumers and businesses had completely adjusted following their countries giving out authority on the exchange rate and monetary policies under one currency (Bowman 1999) For US companies doing business in Europe, the shift to euros brought many changes i.e. Business operation became easier and cost-effective, especially those with branches in Europe. They now have a larger market, consumers and customers billed in dollars were least affected by the change but as the euro's role grows internationally, pressure may be put on US companies to start pricing in euros. Then they would have to start absorbing the exchange rate costs and risks that their customers had experienced. Although doing business in Europe by American companies’ became easier competition increased as well (Bowman 1999). There are arguments for and against Britain joining the euro.We will first look at the reasons why the British should join. This is because in 1956 Britain failed to join the European Common Market and its economy failed to grow compared to other countries like France and Germany. When it later joined in 1973 the economy grew but did not close the gap between the Britain and those which entered earlier. The benefit of Britain joining the European market through the euro will be largely affected by the access in which it will enjoy of having large market and large economies of scale. In this case trade barriers are eliminated.The products of British companies will be able to reach a wide selection of clientele and operate in large scale. This will contribute to producing goods more efficiently as seen in United States. The companies will restructure and merge in order to benefit from single market and single currency. The large market will also make it easier for medium sized companies to get cheaper intermediate goods and raw materials from a wide range of suppliers (Layard et al. , 2002). Although Britain joined the free trade market it really did not make a single market because of different currencies used by those countries.Hence, prices of goods varied considerably between and within countries. For example, United Sates and Canada have a common language and culture but they have different currencies. Prices of goods vary significantly in US and Canada than between provinces in Canada. This makes the markets of these two countries significantly different mainly due to currencies (Layard et al. , 2002). When Britain joins the single currency market its nationals and companies will enjoy wide variety of goods and services at cheaper value. The living standards of consumers will improve.For an economy to grow of such nature like that of Britain there is need of single currency. This is because Britain has high tradable sector to European market. The single currenc y will have great effect on its economy. For example, before the introduction of euro in 1999, in the previous year, Britain had high percentage trading between countries of Euro Area. However, after the other counties joined the trade exchange of Britain decreased by -1% between 1998 and 2001 while those of countries in the Euro Area increased by 20%.See the table below (Layard et al. , 2002). Single currency is quite significant in trade and productivity because it leads to absence in currency fluctuation. Companies are able to restructure their systems so that they can achieve maximum efficiency and improve their productivity. Also single currency will ensure there is price transparency. Companies will have to change the price of their goods across all countries which may be relatively stable. Otherwise customers of business and consumers will cross the border for buying and shopping their merchandise.This will result in public outcry and a response will be inevitable. Thus, it w ill stimulate productivity of companies (Layard et al. , 2002). In joining the euro, capital market integration will occur and barriers between capital markets will breakdown. This is different from where previously companies within individual countries will hold their assets and liquidity in the same currency. But with the introduction of euro companies can invest across EU countries which will definitely stimulate productivity (Layard et al., 2002). The floating pound poses a disadvantage to British companies since the pound will fluctuate against the euro. This will make businesses lose profit and may later degenerate into bankruptcy. Their profitability will fluctuate with fluctuation of exchange rate thereby increasing business risk for exporters and importers. The companies cannot insure their companies against such risks in case they would want to invest in other EU countries where there is uncertainty in quantities and prices of goods to be sold.Therefore British companies w ill have to sell its goods in euro rather than in pounds (Layard et al. , 2002). The uncertainty in exchange rate deters the formation of unified market and investment. This is because of arbitrary fluctuation of exchange rates over a period of time against the allowable adjustment margin. This brings about economic shock where the independent exchange rate cannot offset. The dysfunctional movement of exchange rate will impact negatively on the economy because of large tradable sector compared to a large economy (Layard et al., 2002). The disadvantage of floating exchange rate may escalate making it unattractive of which it will continue to do so as a result of capital markets being integrated and more liquid. Optimal currency size is a reflection of balance between the benefit of independent interest rates and exchange rates in economic adjustment. But the danger lies in the flexibility of exchange rate which may induce economic shock or the larger financial markets integrating and becoming more liquid (Layard et al. , 2002).Britain has to join the euro because it trades more with it than any other country in the world. For example it trades three times more than in USA which is the second largest trading partner. See the table below showing trading shares in percentage for year 2000 It also necessary for Britain to join because of the currency for which goods and services traded is invoiced. For instance 44% are invoiced in pounds, 32% in US dollars and 20% in euros. Therefore to minimize exchange rate risks it will be important to join the euro rather than the dollar (Layard et al. , 2002).Britain stands to lose it investment from foreign investors who not only target sales in Britain but also Euro zone. Most companies will want to avoid currency risk associated with exchange rate e. g. Toyota and Nissan companies have intended to relocate to Euro area. The risk of London as a hub of business transaction associated with its dominance in bonds, mergers and a cquisition will be experienced if they do not join because the European Central Bank located in Frankfurt in which Finance ministers from Euro countries make decision that affect the whole of EU members can do so in their favor (Layard et al., 2002). Britain also stands to lose its influence in European economic decisions if it opts to stay out of the euro. This is because they view US influence to EU through Britain will be lost. But the fact remains that they can only influence more when they are inside than out. Layard et al (2002) explains a number of reasons for not joining the euro. These are; by joining euro, Britain will not fit well since its economy is more related to US than the rest of Europe. The single currency will require enormous European budget.The labor market will respond differently than the present because it will be less flexible and migration will be lower. Britain will lose the economic importance of exporting oil to European market. The euro will link Brita in to a failing economy because it will be surpassed by other countries. The tax policy of Britain will be altered and that the British financial system is different from the rest of Europe hence making single currency policy difficult. Lastly, Europe’s pension liabilities which are unfunded will be borne by Britain is unnecessary. CONCLUSIONThe above discussion gives elaborate reasons for which Britain will have to join rather than avoid. Since the world economy is going through transformation, the European Union economy has great impact to Britain economy. So it will be of best interest for Britain to join the euro. REFERENCES Banking glossary. Definition. 2006. 16 April 2008 Banking glossary. Euro currencies. 2006. 16 April 2008 Bowman, Jennifer J. Economic Implications. Ed. 1999. Western Pennsylvania International Business Newsletter. 16 April 2008 European economic & monetary union. Euro. 2008. 16 April 2008 Layard, Richard et al. Britain should join. 1 August 2002. 1 6 April 2008 Miltropolistski, Simeon. Euro is important. 26 July 2003. IRED. 16 April 2008

Womens rights movement

Womens rights movement Free Online Research Papers During the civil war, the order on the totem pole of society went as follows: men (of course), animals on the farm, slaves, then women. Women had no say in anything. They simply cleaned, cooked, and the other end of it needs no mention. As wives, they owned nothing. Their husbands were legally able to hit them to ensure their â€Å"obedience†. If they spoke in public, they were denounced in their church for â€Å"promiscuous activity.† They also received little or no education. Most poor young girls learned domestic chores from their mothers, while wealthier school age females did receive basic schooling. Education can lead to the questioning of basic societal values and that could be dangerous for a woman. Keep in mind that during this time, attacking core attitudes regarding the family, the church, and the law was no small thing. To some extent, the same holds true today. It remained that way for quite some time until a few influential females decided to change things. Women began to speak out in the late 1840’s. (Albee Monsell) The first women’s rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. They went to Seneca Falls because of the strong reform community that emerged from western New York in the 1830’s and 1840’s. A two day convention was held from July 19-20 and was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They decided something needed to be done when they were denied seating at a World Anti-Slavery Convention they had attended in England. At Seneca Falls a declaration of Sentiments and Resolution was debated and signed by 68 women and 32 men. The agenda was also set for the women’s rights movement. They believed that if they gained the right to vote, they could gain rights to many other things. Critics for newspapers had said it was foolish and they were jeopardizing their reputations as wives, belles, virgins and mothers for something as trivial as equal rights. Susan B. Anthony did not initially attend, but attended the proceedings upon learnin g of them. (â€Å"The Path of the Women’s Rights Movement.†) Susan B. Anthony had attended the New York state temperance convention and had attempted to speak but was told â€Å"the ladies have been invited to listen and to learn and not to speak.† She immediately formed a female temperance society. Susan met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at an anti- slavery meeting in Seneca Falls, beginning their historic friendship. Susan was the tactical genius and organizer of the movement. Elizabeth was the thinker and the writer. She worked in every aspect of women’s rights such as divorce reform, birth control, and challenging religious assumptions opposing women’s legal rights all while managing a house of seven children. (Albee Monsell) African-American males gained the right to vote in the 15th amendment, but still nothing was done for females. During the next couple of years, nearly 150 women attempted to vote in about a dozen different jurisdictions across the country. While largely unsuccessful, their efforts still gave them a lot of leverage. Two national organizations were formed in 1869 to work for the right to vote, the National Woman Suffrage (led mostly by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony) and the American Women Suffrage Association. Susan B. Anthony and a few other women attempted to vote in the presidential election of 1872 in Rochester, New York. She was arrested and fined for voting illegally. . (â€Å"The Path of the Women’s Rights Movement.†) A few questions went unanswered, such as â€Å"why?† Many will argue it was solely the era and the power men had at the time. I have read otherwise. Capitalism had much to do with it. The big industries in the north were the last to support the women’s rights movement, mainly because the movement had been recognized with labor reform from the start. At the time, women were cheap labor supply. Gaining the right to vote could have worked against that. . (Albee Monsell) Next in line to want to prevent women from voting was no other then the southern states. They openly noted the similarities between the African-American and feminist struggles, practically parading their racism. They figured that it was bad enough that African- American males were granted their right to vote. They might as well raise the white flag of surrender if women were allowed to vote as well. (â€Å"The Path of the Women’s Rights Movement.†) One block of opposition that did not surprise me was our own government. They knew how easily they could control male voters through bribery and association. Women were out to change things. They were not into the bribery behind it all. They were out to change child labor laws and worst of all in the government’s eyes, clean up politics. The presidents were of no help during any of it. The only attention paid was by William Howard Taft and he advised they collect more signatures on their petitions. Theodore Roosevelt did not include them in his campaign for the 1912 election, nor did Woodrow Wilson in his 1916 campaign. (Albee Monsell) The church and family also voiced a strong opposition. Judeo-Christianity emphasized the inferiority of women and also pointed to Genesis for a female’s special role and her mission to be fruitful and multiply, and, after Eden, to be submissive towards man. During this time, the family structure consisted of the wife bearing children and performing domestic chores. The wife was also very submissive toward her husband, creating a threat to the sexual double standard by means of change. Men being men, they were relatively upset by the whole series of events. . (â€Å"The Path of the Women’s Rights Movement.†) Another question was â€Å"why did the first round of the women’s rights movement fail?† Essentially, it did not, depending on how you view it. Many say it was delayed for â€Å"more important issues† and other will argue those who began in the late 1800’s failed and the ones of the early 1920’s succeeded. Though I do not believe they failed by any means, it was halted for some time for the civil rights movement and women trying to prove their patriotism by helping with war efforts during World War I. (Albee Monsell) American was not the only country to experience discrimination towards women. Until the 20th century, many western European countries held the same laws we did, especially in England. They did not allow equal pay until the 1960’s. Nor were they recognized as land owners even through marriage. New Zealand was the first country to allow women to vote. (â€Å"The Path of the Women’s Rights Movement.†) The battle slowly but surely began to turn in favor of the women. In 1850, Quaker physicians established the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, allowing women to enhance their knowledge in the field of medicine. In 1855, the University of Iowa became the first state school to admit women. For the first time in the history of jurisprudence, women served on juries in the Wyoming territory in 1870. Also in 1870, the 15th amendment attains final ratification so that women are not specifically excluded from the vote. Congress then passed a law in 1872 to give women federal employees’ equal pay for equal work. . (Albee Monsell) It took more conventions, speeches, and protests before any change in congress came about. In 1878, the Susan B. Anthony Amendment was first introduced to the U.S. congress. The first and only time in the 1800’s congress voted on women’s suffrage was in 1887 and the measure lost 34-16 with 25 members not voting. Finally in 1919, the House of Representatives passed the women’s suffrage amendment, winning by only two votes. The women fought for this for 70 years. These efforts were not paid for by rich and powerful men. The money for all of this progress came from the nickels and dimes of housewives and laundresses. Sadly enough, neither Susan B. Anthony nor Elizabeth Cady Stanton lived to see women gain the right to vote, despite the 50 years they put in to try and gain it. For the first time ever, an equal number of women and men voted in 1957. All was not won yet. In 1968 Pennsylvania was one of the few states to void a law which stated any female convicted of a felony must receive the maximum penalty. (Albee Monsell) What I find interesting about this movement, along with many other movements, is how little we are informed of what really occurred. As children, we are taught that a few women sat around and protested and voila! thanks to them we can vote. This, along with the civil rights movement, has been far too long kept under â€Å"mum’s word†. They both expose white male power in all its hypocrisy and greed. The hundreds of campaigns the early women’s movement had to endure, the many losses, the years of tireless effort, only to win by the skin on their teeth, left many of these pioneers discouraged. I find it rather appalling when women today choose not to vote, essentially ignoring the sacrifices made by women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. What those women went through so we could voice our opinion through our vote should be celebrated every election, whether it is held to elect the dog- catcher or the President. Enough women do not take advantage of the fact that we can vote. . (Albee Monsell) The women’s rights movement occurred during a time of realism. Realism was more or less an opposing reaction towards romanticism. It showed a large interest in scientific method as well as philosophy. Realists William Harmon and Hugh Holman once said â€Å"where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists center their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action and the verifiable consequence.† The best example I could find of this would be â€Å"Barren Ground† by Ellen Glasgow. It tells the story of a young girl who lived in southern Virginia. She begins to notice the change in the south as she struggles to find herself. This makes the connection with realism in that it parallels what is going on in her life .It could be reality and is in fact closely related to Ellen Glasgow’s life. Other r ealist writers include Mark Twain, William Dean Howells (he believed â€Å"realism is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.†), Rebecca Harding Davis, and Henry James. Twain and James were critically acclaimed for their works while Howells was not popular. Over the 70 years it took women to gain voting rights, women grew as a country and as a gender. Many still feel the suffragettes opened a can of worms and others feel they did an amazing thing. The fight they put up was unprecedented and will forever be remembered despite the lack of knowledge of what really went on. To see them start at having barely twenty people at Seneca Falls to having an entire country of women ban together and win over congress by two votes is an amazing thing no matter how long it took. With the obstacles they faced, along with the strong male-dominated moral beliefs of this country, I’m surprised it did not take longer. They faced their churches, their own families, the government, and an entire nation against them. I do feel that women gaining the right to vote opened a gate of opportunities for women. Not only is there now the possibility of a female U.S. president but Germany recently elected a female chancellor. This was not even thought to be pos sible 20 years ago. These early women were heroes regardless of whether a woman today takes advantage of the right to vote or receives equal pay for the same work done by her male counterpart. She can thank these women. Research Papers on Womens rights movement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTrailblazing by Eric AndersonInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeResearch Process Part One

The Greek Festival of Thesmophoria

The Greek Festival of Thesmophoria In ancient Greece, a festival used to be held in about 50 cities or villages, to honor the goddess who taught mankind to tend the soil. There was no question but that the festival was part of the goddess worship. That is, it wasnt just a secular, condoned over-indulgence event. In Athens, the women met near the mens assembly site on the Pnyx and in Thebes, they met where the boule had met. The Date of Thesmophoria The festival, Thesmophoria, was held during a month known as Pyanopsion (Puanepsion), in the lunisolar calendar of the Athenians. Since our calendar is solar, the month doesnt exactly match, but Pyanopsion would be, more or less, October into November, the same months as the Canadian and U.S. Thanksgivings. In ancient Greece, this was the time of the fall planting of crops like barley and winter wheat. Asking Demeters Help On the 11-13 of Pyanopsion, at a festival that included role reversals, like women electing female officials to preside over state-sponsored feasts [Burton], Greek matrons took a break from their usually homebound lives to participate in the autumn sowing ( Sporetos) festival of Thesmophoria. Although most of the practices remain a mystery, we know that the holiday was a bit more involved than our modern versions and that no men were allowed to participate. The matrons probably symbolically relived the anguish Demeter suffered when her daughter Persephone was abducted by Hades. They also probably asked for her help in obtaining a bountiful harvest. The Goddess Demeter Demeter (the Greek version of the Roman goddess Ceres) was the goddess of grain. It was her job to feed the world, but when she discovered her daughter had been kidnapped, she became so depressed she wouldnt do her job. Finally, she found out where her daughter was, but that didnt help much. She still wanted Persephone back and the god who had abducted Persephone didnt want to return his lovely prize. Demeter refused to eat or feed the world until the other gods arranged a satisfactory resolution to her conflict with Hades over Persephone. After her reunion with her daughter, Demeter gave the gift of agriculture to mankind so we could plant for ourselves. Thesmophorias Ritual Insults Before the Thesmophoria festival itself, there was a preparatory night-time festival called the Stenia. At the Stenia women engaged in Aiskhrologia, insulting each other and using foul language. This may have commemorated Iambes successful attempts to make the grieving mother Demeter laugh. The story of Iambe and Demeter: A long time she sat upon the stool without speaking because of her sorrow, and greeted no one by word or by sign, but rested, never smiling, and tasting neither food nor drink, because she pined with longing for her deep-bosomed daughter, until careful Iambe- who pleased her moods in aftertime also- moved the holy lady with many a quip and jest to smile and laugh and cheer her heart.- Homeric Hymn to Demeter A Fertility Component of the Thesmophoria During the Stenia prelude to the Thesmophoria or, at any rate, sometime before the actual festival, it is believed that certain women (Antletriai Bailers) placed fertility objects, phallic-shaped bread, pine cones and sacrificed piglets, in a possibly snake-filled chamber called a megaron. After the uneaten pig remains had begun to rot, the women retrieved them and the other objects and placed them on the altar where farmers could take them and mix with their grain seed to ensure an abundant harvest. This happened during the Thesmophoria proper. Two days may not have been enough time for decomposition, so some people think the fertility objects were thrown down not during the Stenia, but during the Skira, a midsummer fertility festival. This would have given them 4 months to decompose. That presents another problem since the remains might not have lasted for four months. The Ascent The first day of the Thesmophoria itself was Anodos, the ascent. Carrying all the supplies they would need for 2 nights and 3 days, the women went up the hill, set up camp on the Thesmophorion (the hillside sanctuary of Demeter Thesmophoros Demeter the law-giver). They then slept on the ground, probably in 2-person leafy huts, since Aristophanes* refers to sleeping partners. The Fast The second day of the Thesmophoria was the Nesteia Fast when women fasted and mocked each other, again using the foul language that may have been a deliberate imitation of Iambe and Demeter. They may also have whipped each other with bark scourges. The Kalligeneia The third day of the Thesmophoria was the Kalligeneia Fair Offspring. Commemorating Demeters torch-light search for her daughter, Persephone, there was a night-time torch-lit ceremony. The bailers ritually purified, descended to the megaron to remove the decayed matter thrown down earlier (either a couple of days or up to 4 months): pigs, pine cones, and dough that had been formed in the shape of mens genitals. They clapped to scare the snakes away and brought back the material so they could place it on the altars for later use as, especially potent fertilizer in the sowing of seed. *For a humorous picture of the religious festival, read Aristophanes comedy about a man who tries to infiltrate the women-only festival, Thesmophoriazusae. It is called Thesmophoria, because Demeter is called Thesmophoros in respect of her establishing laws or thesmoi in accordance with which men must provide nourishment and work the land.- David Noy Sources Interpreting the Athenian Thesmophoria, by Allaire B. Stallsmith. Classical Bulletin 84.1 (2009) pp. 28-45.Eratosthenes and the Women: Reversal in Literature and Ritual, by Jordi Pmias; Classical Philology, Vol. 104, No. 2 (Apr. 2009), pp. 208-213.Womens Commensality in the Ancient Greek World, by Joan Burton; Greece Rome, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Oct. 1998), pp. 143-165.

Science-Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science-Physics - Essay Example Oil drilling in the ANWR (Alaska National Wildlife Reserve) is such an issue that has elicited heated debate on whether drilling of oil in this reserve should be allowed or not. Proponents of drilling have argued that drilling the oil in the reserve will secure for the US a local energy reserve, effectively reducing America’s dependence on foreign oil. This they argue will reduce America’s vulnerability to sabotage by enemy states by withholding oil from her. Moreover, they say that the oil drilling will only take a small part of the 19.8 million square acres of land which was established as a reserve in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (National Research Council, 2003). Furthermore, they say that there would be a lot of jobs created should the drilling process begin. Opponents of this venture argue that the destruction that will be caused by a drilling station will be devastating for the reserve; affecting both the plants and animals in the area immediately surrounding the well as well as causing other environmental hazards such as oil spillage and contributing to global warming, which would directly or indirectly destroy the habitat. In addition, they argue that the amount of oil that would be got has not been verified and it might prove to be so small in the long run. They also reiterate the fact that there are many other oil well like in Texas which have not been drilled but are just leased to other countries. They say these idle lands should be exploited first before destroying new lands. But by far their most convincing rebuff of drilling oil is in response to the fact that the area to be used for drilling will be a small section of the reserve accounting for less than 2% of the total reserve. They cite an example of the nearby Prudhoe Bay oil fields. The fields which were initially assumed would only occupy about 2100 acres of land

Psychology (peoples behaviour) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychology (peoples behaviour) - Essay Example 1 This is one approach of personality theory. Personality is normally referred to as the thoughts, emotions and behaviour pattern that every person has. Personality trait can have immense variations between individuals. Many research hypotheses concur that personality has aspects that are prominent. They are very stable across situations that are referred to as shamone traits. Eysenck 1967 says that personality can be reduced to three traits that are quite major. Other scholars however, say that personality can be reduced to five traits. According to the 3F model, there are traits like psychoticism, neuroticism and extraversion. Other scholars say that personality can be reduced to the following five traits, that is, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness and openness. All these are based on factor analysis which is a statistical technique. In fact these traits are the highest level factors in the hierarchical taxonomy of this technique. This method is well known to produce bipolar and continuous factors. All these actually describe one's individual differences. The trait theory is based on various assumptions. One of them is that people are normally born with traits that are inherited. The trait theory asserts that these traits are quite different fro one person to another though some people may have similar traits that they inherited from parents or even grandparents etc. Some of these traits that are inherited can be suited for carrying out leadership responsibilities. In this case a person finds that he or she can easily handle leadership tasks without having any prior knowledge in the field. According to the trait theory, people who naturally make good leaders just have sufficient or the right combination of these traits. Inherent traits can be diverse such that one person may have many different traits. There are people who may have minimal traits that are inherited while others may have so many. Early researches that were done concerning the trait theory used successful leaders as the audience. So the attention was majorly based on discovering the inherent traits that made them to be successful. There was the assumption that if other people were found with the same traits then it meant that they had the potential of becoming great leaders too. One of the scholars called Stogdill (1974) noted that the following skills and traits were very critical to leaders; Traits Skills Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organized (administrative ability) Persuasive Source; Stogdill, R. (1974): Handbook of leadership; a survey of the literature; New York; Free Press Eysenck (1997) asserts that majority of extroverts have got low levels of cortical arousal as compared to introverts who have higher levels. According to the 3F model, individual differences in neuroticism and extraversion have physiological and genetic antecedents.2 Psychodynamics theory This is actually

The Battle of Little Big Horn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Battle of Little Big Horn - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the Battle of Little Big Horn is characterized as a massacre war because of not only the processes of the war, but also the end result of that war. A massacre war is associated with mass killing of unarmed people. In tandem with this assertion, it is evidenced by Everett that the U.S. Calvary under the leadership of Lt. General George Custer was trapped by Indian forces and spread with arrows and bullets which killed them in less than an hour despite their use of horses’ bodies as a barricade. From the description of the war, it is apparent that Custer and his men did not fight back; they were killed mercilessly.This research highlights that  in the information provided by Derudio also supports the claim the Battle of Little Big Horn was a massacre war. According to Derudio, Custer divided the armies into three groups ignored the orders to wait, and decided to attack the Indians without realizing the number of Indian warriors numbered three t imes his army. The Cheyenne, Hunkpapa Sioux and Oglala Sioux enveloped Custer and his men then poured them with gunfire and arrows. The shooting horses and using their carcasses to form a wall provided insignificant protection against the bullets and arrows. Custer and his men were killed in what was referred in this account as â€Å"the worst American military disaster ever.†Ã‚  Calvary had killed. According to her, the Indian armies surrounded the Custer and killed every army.     

The Effects of Violence on Youth Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Violence on Youth Essay In recent years, the advancement in entertainment technology in the field of and the increasing liberalization of America and its media have led to the creation and marketing of violent forms of entertainment. This includes such technologies movies, TV shows, video games, and news outlets. Today’s youth have easy accessibility to many of these violent forms of entertainment and are increasingly exposed to them at younger ages. The exposure to gore and violence has caused many people to believe that America’s youth are becoming increasing desensitized to violence. This exposure to violence through various media outlets may cause an exponential increase in violent actions of America’s youth and certain harmful effects to those exposed. The experience of violent events harms youth. The increasing publicity by media sources of violent crimes such as shootings may cause children to question their safety at public locations and events. Shootings near the Empire State building that left nine wounded and one dead and the Sandy Hook elementary school shooting, that left 20 students and six staff members dead affect not only the victims, their families, and their communities but the whole populous of the United States. Such blatantly open and violent acts are now often recorded and show to the public via News channels and other media outlets. They have caused many people, especially youth, to suffer unseen scares such as emotional and cognitive distress. Furthermore, violent events in a majority of Americans cities specifically in areas of lowe r income families and individuals have rendered 90% of the youth in those regions exposed to violence (Braunstein, M.D. Glenn D). Studies have shown that one fifth of these children suffer from depression. One third of these children even suffer from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) a disorder most common seen in war veterans. Additionally, studies have proven prolonged exposure to the stress of violence have caused the elevated excretion of certain hormones in children. This causes impaired cognition of the brain, specifically in the areas of learning, memory, and the regulation of emotion. Experts have proven the youth who are increasingly exposed to violence consistently score lower on vocabulary and reading exams. Further, symptoms of those exposed to violence include: emotional numbing and detachment, increased arousal, trouble sleeping and nightmares. Youth  suffering from increased exposure to violence or PTSD are more prone to exhibit aggressive and self destructive b ehaviors such as flashbacks, feelings of guilt, self-harm and even suicide (PTSD: National Center for PTSD). The younger the child is when he/she experiences a violent action or event the more prone he/she is to developing more extreme symptoms. It is imperative that the youth of America be protected from these increasingly more violent and widely dispersed acts of violence. Exposure to violence in media has increased drastically in the last 30 years. Much of this expose comes from the movie many of which children are allowed to view. Modern movies have become increasing more violent than their predecessors yet the ratings have remained the same. The Motion Picture Association of America describes a PG-13 movie as a film with content that â€Å"may go beyond the PG rating in theme, violence, nudity, sensuality, language, adult activities or other elements, but does not reach the restricted R category.† While this definition has remained the same, the material now allowed into movies is consistently more violent and graphic than its predecessors. Since 1950 violent content in pg-13 movies has more than doubled (Study: Violence Levels in Movies Have Skyrocketed over Last 30 Years). In fact, many of today’s pg-13 films would have been rated R in years past. In comparison, other questionable topics found in movies such as drug use and sexuality have not increased in amount since past years and movies with increased amounts of these topics are still rated R. This implies that in recent years the media and the people viewing set media are becoming increasingly desensitized to violence. Researchers have proposed that similar to drug addicts, the American public have grown accustom to ever increasing amounts of violence in movies and need more and more violence to be entertained. One such movie series that accurately portrays this increasingly violent trend is the â€Å"Rambo† series (Study: Violence Levels in Movies Have Skyrocketed over Last 30 Years). Every movie released becomes increasingly violent. People who wat ch violent videos become increasingly more prone to violent actions. We as a society and a people, especially the younger generation who have been exposed since birth, are becoming more violent and prone to violent behavior. This in effect has made the people of America less humane. Video games have become an increasingly more popular form of entertainment, and many of these games have become increasingly violent as well. In depth  research has proven that violent videogames can and do cause more violent actions in its users, even more so in youth. Young people do not have as high cognitive function as adults nor do they have the ability to control their emotions as well. Furthermore, it has been proven that developing violent video gaming habits develop more violent every day habits (Carey, Benedict). However it is not proven if violent video games increase the likelihood that a person will commit a violent crime, such as murder, rape, or assault. One study showed that those who played violent video games took longer to help an injured victim, rated a given fight as less serious, and were less likely to respond to a fight compared to those who played non-violent video games. The same pattern applied to those who watched violent movies. A psychologist at Iowa State University led a research team that studied 47 undergraduates who played â€Å"Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance† for 15 minutes. It also tested whether the students would behave more aggressively, by having them dole out hot sauce to a fellow student who, they were told, did not like spicy food but had to swallow the sauce. Compared with a group who had played a nonviolent video game, those who had been engaged in â€Å"Mortal Kombat† were more aggressive across the board. They gave their fellow students larger portions of the hot sauce. Similar studies also concluded similar results for a short time after playing video games one is more likely to act in a violent nature. Video games a re not solely responsible for extremely violent actions such as shootings. However, in tandem with other aggressive stimulants such as bulling and depression it may set of violent actions of an individual. Some experts suggest that video game have a relatively low impact on daily function. Though many studies have been done, no conclusive evidence has been presented that violent video games have long term effects on its users. Though violent video games might play a small roll in behavior, most scientists suggest that the culture of one’s society plays a much higher part in development of aggressive behaviors. In most studies of this subject, one or more areas was flawed resulting no decisive evidence has been presented concluding that these studies of the effects of video games on violence are a positive indicator of the increased violent actions (Etchells, Pete). Though there may be a correlation between violent  videogames and violent actions, correlation does not prove causation. Furthermore, studies have shown that while we are the nation with the highest murder rate per capita, we are not the nation with the highest violent video game consumption (Kain, Erik). The fact m ay be that because the USA has such a high murder rate and use of video games that the correlation between the two might be entirely coincidental. Some studies show that video games may benefit ones cognitive process. A study on two groups of college student’s, one group who didn’t play video games and one group the who played simple video games for 30min a day. An MRI of the brain after the experiment showed that the group who played video games had significantly more grey matter in their right hippocampus, right prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum; these areas of the brain are responsible for spatial navigation, memory formation, strategic planning and fine motor skills in the hands. This study also suggested that video games can be used to treat some mental disorders including Alzheimer’s and Schizophrenia (Guarini, Drew). Another study concluded that those who played strategic video games achieved better scores on physiological tests and completed cognitive tasks with better speed and accuracy. Furthermore, playing video games for a mere two hours a week may slow the mental decay process and therefore decrease the effects of aging. An Italian research team presented evidence that playing faster paced videogames may help children with dyslexia read better. Moreover, video games have been proven to alleviate mental stress and act as a pain reliever. Additionally, videogames are known to improve eyesight if played for an hour a week. Video games have benefits and are worth playing for that reason however, this does not justify the increasingly violent actions that these games portray to children. The level of violence the children of America are allowed to view is disturbing. Violence has in no way proven to benefit the development of youth. The cognitive and psychological heath of youth in America is declining with every violent act experienced and perceived. Our families, our communities, and our nation need to take responsibility to e nsure the safe development of youth in our nation. The children of America represent the future of America. If the people in America do not support the safe development of youth, then they do not support the continued development of America. To insure the future safety of America we as Americans need to ensure the  safety of our youth. The nations must more closely monitor and restrict the amount of violence our nation’s youth may view. Increasing violence viewed though various media outlets have been proven to cause increased aggression in today’s youth. Violence has been proven to severely hurt youth not only psychologically but cognitively as well. Though some studies may show no direct evidence between the use of violent videogame and violent actions as a nation the United States should error on the side of safety. It is imperative that the United States monitor more closely the youth use of such violent video games as to prevent the negative effects that go with it. Furthermore communities need to make safer to protect today’s youth from events that will most definitely scar them and damage their development. Violence has negative effects on youth and should therefore be more closely monitored and restricted. Bibliography Braunstein, M.D. Glenn D. Violent Events Have Long-Term Effects on Children. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. . This article explains the effects of violent events on today’s youth. As the article is written by a doctor it is a credible source and a valuable addition to my paper. Media Violence. Media Violence. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. . This article written by pediatricians discusses the harmful effects of media violence on today’s youth. Since it is written by pediatricians I have labeled it a credible source. Study: Violence Levels In Movies Have Skyrocketed Over Last 30 Years.OpposingViews.com. Jonathan Wolfe, 21 Feb. 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2014. . This article discuses the increased violence in movies over the past 30 years it is a good indicator of the increasing liberalization of violence in America. Guarini, Drew. 9 Ways Video Games Can Actually Be Good For You. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07 Nov. 201 3. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. . This source help me develop reason that video games all research came from sited sources so it is credible. Carey, Benedict. Shooting in the Dark. The New York Times. The New York Times, 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. . This source helped me develop more in depth research into the effects of violent video games on youth. PTSD: National Center for PTSD. PTSD. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. . This source assisted me in my evaluation of the effects of violence. PTSD is one of many effects violence has on its victims Etchells, Pete. What Is the Link between Violent Video Games and Aggression?Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 19 Sept. 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2013/sep/19/neuroscience-psychology This source helped me discern the faults of studies and the opposition to my assertion. Kain, Erik. Do Games Cause Real-World Violence? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 18 Sept. 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. . This source helped me discern the faults of studies and the opposition to my assertion.